SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    15742, 15743, 15745, 15746, 15744, 12632, 
    12633, 10179, 10180, 10523, 10073, 
    10077, 10076, 10086, 10085, 10084, 
    10083, 10082, 10081, 10080
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00041

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["usergroup", "product_id", "lower_limit", "usergroup_id"],
      "key": "product_id",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
      "rows": 20,
      "filtered": 99.23484039,
      "index_condition": "cscart_product_prices.product_id in (15742,15743,15745,15746,15744,12632,12633,10179,10180,10523,10073,10077,10076,10086,10085,10084,10083,10082,10081,10080)",
      "attached_condition": "cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 and cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)"
    }
  }
}