SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1636, 1638, 1677, 1641, 1674, 1669, 1678, 
    1675, 1681, 1649, 1629, 667
  )

Query time 0.00037

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["parent"],
      "key": "parent",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
      "rows": 12,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (1636,1638,1677,1641,1674,1669,1678,1675,1681,1649,1629,667)"
    }
  }
}